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Bedside cardiac ultrasound with no obvious wall motion abnormalities. Because the pathologist determines the degree of stenosis by dividing the lumen area by the total area, the degree of stenosis will be overestimated. The angiographer uses a denominator that is too small, thereby underestimating the degree of stenosis.
MINOCA may be due to: coronary spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction, plaque disruption, spontaneous coronary thrombosis/emboli , and coronary dissection; myocardial disorders, including myocarditis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and other cardiomyopathies. There may be a chronic tight stenosis and a non-obstructed lesion that thrombosed.
The risk of stent thrombosis is particularly increased during the first 6 months after intervention. Key exclusion criteria included <18 or >75 years of age, contraindications to anticoagulant use, or acute venous thrombosis <3 months.
This case was provided by Spencer Schwartz, an outstanding paramedic at Hennepin EMS who is on Hennepin EMS's specialized "P3" team, a team that receives extra training in advanced procedures such as RSI, thoracostomy, vasopressors, and prehospital ultrasound. Takotsubo is a sudden event, not one with crescendo angina. Learning Points: 1.
link] A 62 year old man with a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and carotid artery stenosis called 911 at 9:30 in the morning with complaint of chest pain. This is written by Willy Frick, an amazing cardiology fellow in St. He described it as "10/10" intensity, radiating across his chest from right to left.
The cardiologist called this 20% stenosis. Fortunately, this operator used intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Furthermore, the operator worried about the patient's adherence to dual antiplatelet therapy, in which case she would be at risk for catastrophic stent thrombosis. Most plaque is outside the lumen!!
History sounds concerning for ACS (could be critical stenosis, triple vessel), but differential also includes dissection, GI bleed, etc. 2 cases of Aortic Stenosis: Diffuse Subendocardial Ischemia on the ECG. His response: “subendocardial ischemia. Anything more on history? POCUS will be helpful.” Left main? 3-vessel disease?
The ways to tell for certain include intravascular ultrasound (to look for extra-luminal plaque with rupture) or "optical coherence tomography," something I am entirely unfamiliar with. distal stenosis or occluded small branches), and 3) nonischemic causes for myocyte injury (e.g., pulmonary embolism, sepsis, etc.), myocarditis).
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