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She had a single chamber ICD/Pacemaker implanted several years prior due to ventricular tachycardia. Are you confident there is no ischemia? Primary VT , and the VT with tachycardia is causing ischemia with chest discomfort (supply-demand mismatch/type 2 MI)? The last echocardiography 12 months ago showed HFmrEF.
The patient was extubated on Day-3 of the hospital stay. The patient improved, and on Day-11 of the hospital stay — he was off inotropes and on a small dose of a ß-blocker. There is no definite evidence of acute ischemia. (ie, Some residual ischemia in the infarct border might still be present.
The patient was promptly admitted to the hospital for further evaluation. Again, see Ken's discussion below) Discussion continued The absence of pace spikes suggests this is not a pacemaker/ICD-related rhythm in this patient with an ICD. An initial electrocardiogram (ECG) is provided below. What do you think? What is the rhythm?
My Immediate Impression — was that this elderly woman with a several week history of symptoms would most likely leave the hospital with a pacemaker. This suggests ischemia of uncertain duration. A permanent pacemaker was placed. PEARL # 2: Interpretation of the 12-lead ECG in Figure-1 is no easy task!
There was no evidence of ischemia. She had a permanent pacemaker implanted. After pacer AND conversion to sinus rhythm: Computer diagnosis: IMPRESSION ELECTRONIC VENTRICULAR PACEMAKER ABNORMAL RHYTHM ECG What is missing from this interpretation? We are not told how ischemia has been ruled out in this case. Hyperkalemia.
Patients use them to observe their heart activity by themselves when they are not in the hospital. Though their accuracy is not as high as a hospital ECG machine, they are very beneficial in detecting problems in any medical emergency and providing information about long-term heart activity.
According to the EMS narrative, this patient initially refused hospital transport and advised that he would seek evaluation at a later time with his personal physician. Upon hospital arrival, the patient verbalized slight attenuation of pain. It’s important to stress the presence of a normal QRS (i.e., No serial ECG’s were recorded.
These findings are concerning for inferior wall ischemia with possible posterior wall involvement. His initial cTnI at the receiving hospital was 27 ng/mL, and no further troponins were measured thereafter. It is also not a wandering pacemaker — because change in atrial pacing site is gradual with that disorder.
The medics recorded the following initial ECG at time 0: The computer read (see below) gives no further comment beyond ventricular pacemaker. About 10 minutes later, and shortly before arrival at hospital (NOT Hennepin!), Case An elderly patient had acute chest pain and 911 was called. What do you think?
Learning Points: Ectopic atrial rhythm can produce atrial repolarization findings that can be confused for acute ischemia, STEMI, or OMI. If you can safely and easily increase the patient's heart rate, you can convert the patient to sinus and repeat the ECG to see if the atrial repolarization wave was the cause of the concern for ischemia.
Such findings would normally suggest primary ischemia with concomitant surveillance of coronary occlusion, but these ST/T changes might very well be secondary to the Escape mechanism at hand. Hospital transport was unremarkable. He received a permanent pacemaker during the subsequent inpatient stay.
Evidence of acute ischemia (may be subtle) vii. Negative predictors of adverse outcome: Pacemaker Pre-syncope or "near-syncope," but there is still some small risk (5, 18) These last two are identified in studies, but I consider them dangerous signs and symptoms in their own right, as above: 10. Left BBB vi. Pathologic Q-waves viii.
PEARL # 2: Despite the challenge of assessing a ventricular rhythm for underlying ischemia and/or infarction there are primary ST-T wave changes that are seen in Figure-3 that suggest an ongoing acute event. The patient left before a final ECG could be done so we do not know what the rhythm was at the time the patient left the hospital.
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