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Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) remains the gold-standard treatment for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We present the case of a man in his 50s, admitted with cardiacarrest secondary to inferolateral STEMI.
He underwent coronary stenting (uncertain which artery). Appreciation of these subtle ECG findings could have helped to avoid a cardiacarrest and its resulting permanent disability 3. He underwent immediate CPR, was found to be in ventricular fibrillation, and was successfully resuscitated. Could this have been avoided?
The last section is a detailed discussion of the research on aVR in both STEMI and NonSTEMI. The additional ST Elevation in V1 is not usually seen with diffuse subendocardial ischemia, and suggests that something else, like STEMI from LAD occlusion, could be present. It was stented. If you want to understand aVR, read this.]
Subtle as a STEMI." (i.e., About 45 minutes after the second EKG, the patient was found in cardiacarrest. She was taken to the cath lab, where she was found to have 100% in-stent restenosis of the proximal LAD. Later the next day, she went into cardiacarrest again. This one is easy for the Queen.
Here is his ED ECG: There is obvious infero-posterior STEMI. What are you worried about in addition to his STEMI? This was stented. Comments: STEMI with hypokalemia, especially with a long QT, puts the patient at very high risk of Torsades or Ventricular fibrillation (see many references, with abstracts, below).
RBBB in acute STEMI has a very high mortality. A stent was placed, and the patient had an excellent outcome with no wall motion abnormality. Were it not for this prehospital ECG and the cardiacarrest, the diagnosis may have been significantly delayed. But here there is a large degree of ST elevation in V2-V6, I, and aVL.
A male in late middle age with a history of RCA stent 8 years prior complained of chest pain. Here are three more dramatic cases that illustrate RBBB + LAFB Case 1 of cardiacarrest with unrecognized STEMI, died. EMS recorded the following ECG: What do you see?
A middle-aged male with h/o CAD and stents presented with typical chest pressure. It may be difficult to read STEMI in the setting of RBBB. There is, however, a long QT also, with abnormal T-waves, but this is not STEMI. So there is pathologic ST elevation here, consistent with anterolateral STEMI. Called 911.
There is a very small amount of STE in some of the anterior, lateral, and inferior leads which do NOT meet STEMI criteria. The case was reviewed by all parties, and it was stated correctly that the ECG does not meet the STEMI criteria. The LAD lesion was acute and required 3 stents to restore flow.
About an hour later, he was then found on the floor in cardiacarrest in the ED. He was taken to the cath lab where he was found to have acute total occlusion of his saphenous vein graft to his RCA, which was stented. QUESTIONS: About 1 hour after ECG #1 was done — the patient was found on the floor in the ED in cardiacarrest.
The patient was brought to the ED as a possible Code STEMI and was seen directly by cardiology. Similarly, STEMI guidelines call for urgent angiography for refractory ischemia or electrical/hemodynamic instability, regardless of ECG findings. So the RCA was stented. Vitals were HR 58 BP 167/70 R20 sat 96%.
He had a previous MI with cardiacarrest 2 years prior. It was opened and stented. Important Learning Point: "STEMI" is defined by millimeter criteria (1 mm in limb leads), which this does not meet. Therefore it is not a STEMI. The ST depression may be the most visibly obvious sign of STEMI. RCA: dominant.
A repeat ECG was done: Obvious anterolateral wall STEMI. The patient was taken back to the cath lab, where 100% proximal in-stent rethrombosis was found and treated. This rhythm reportedly produced no palpable pulse, and CPR was continued. 30 seconds later, however, the patient began spontaneously moving and CPR was discontinued.
It was thought to be an in stent restenosis and thrombosis from a DES placed in the same region 6 months prior. Dialysis patients had double the rate of cardiacarrest (11% vs 5%), were less likely to receive reperfusion therapy when eligible (47% vs. 75%), and had an increased odds ratio of death compared to nondialysis patients 1.5 (95%
Unfortunately, the ECG was interpreted as no significant change from prior , "no STEMI"!! He was sent back to the waiting room, where he suffered a VF arrest. Approximately 5 minutes after ROSC, this ECG was obtained (about 45 minutes after arrival): Obvious anterolateral OMI, and STEMI criteria positive for those who care or need it.
He had undergone stenting of the LAD several weeks ago (unclear whether elective for stable symptoms, or in response to acute coronary syndrome). Acute chest pain, right bundle branch block, no STEMI criteria, and negative initial troponin. Plus recommendations from a 5-member panel on cardiacarrest.
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