Ken Grauer, MD

JUNE 2, 2023

to 1828 msec. ) — which corresponds to a variation in the rate of sinus bradycardia from 36-to-33/minute. This makes sense given that the underlying rhythm in today's case appears to be marked sinus bradycardia and arrhythmia , with a ventricular escape rhythm appearing when the SA node rate drops below 33/minute.

Blog 78

Blog Bradycardia Arrhythmia Tachycardia 78

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

APRIL 17, 2024

Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in the setting of acute myocardial ischemia can also be treated by intravenous lignocaine bolus followed by infusion. Predisposing causes for ventricular tachycardia like ischemia and electrolyte imbalance has to be treated simultaneously to prevent recurrence.

Tachycardia 52

Tachycardia Defibrillator Congenital Ischemia 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 5, 2024

The ECG does not show any definite signs of ischemia. IMPRESSION: The finding of sinus bradycardia with 1st-degree AV block + marked sinus arrhythmia + the change in PR interval from beat #5-to-beat #6 — suggests a form of vagotonic block ( See My Comment in the October 9, 2020 post in Dr.

Chest Pain 106

Chest Pain Blog Cardiac Arrest Cardiomyopathy 106

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MARCH 22, 2024

I will leave more detailed rhythm discussion to the illustrious Dr. Ken Grauer below, but this use of calipers shows that the rhythm interpretation is: Sinus bradycardia with a competing (most likely junctional) rhythm. The fact that R waves 2 through 6 are junctional does make ischemia more difficult to interpret -- but not impossible.

Chest Pain 111

Chest Pain STEMI Bradycardia Ischemia 111

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 20, 2024

The first task when assessing a wide complex QRS for ischemia is to identify the end of the QRS. The ST segment changes are compatible with severe subendocardial ischemia which can be caused by type I MI from ACS or potentially from type II MI (non-obstructive coronary artery disease with supply/demand mismatch). What do you think?

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Cardiogenic Shock Ischemia Chest Pain Cardiac Arrest 125

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JULY 21, 2024

There is no definite evidence of acute ischemia. (ie, Simply stated — t he patient was having recurrent PMVT without Q Tc prolongation, and without evidence of ongoing transmural ischemia. ( Some residual ischemia in the infarct border might still be present. Both episodes are initiated by an "R-on-T" phenomenon.

Arrhythmia 113

Arrhythmia Cardiogenic Shock Bradycardia Defibrillator 113

Ken Grauer, MD

OCTOBER 13, 2023

Even if we stopped here — We could conclude the following: There is marked bradycardia in today's rhythm ( ie, Heart rate in the low 30s ). Finally — If today's patient does not have significant underlying coronary disease — then her bradycardia with AV block may be the result of SSS ( S ick S inus S yndrome ).

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Blog Arrhythmia Bradycardia Download 160

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

FEBRUARY 2, 2024

Altered Mental Status, Bradycardia == MY Comment , by K EN G RAUER, MD ( 2/2 /2024 ): == Dr. Meyers began today’s case with the clinical challenge of asking you to identify the underlying cause of ECG #2. -- Read this ECG -- Osborn Waves and Hypothermia (this is the "Figure" above) What does LBBB look like in severe hypothermia?

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Blog Cardiac Arrest Atrial Fibrillation Bradycardia 132

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 25, 2023

A prior ECG was available for comparison: Normal One might be tempted to interpret the ST depression as ischemia, but as Smith says, "when the QT is impossibly long, think of hypokalemia and a U-wave rather than T-wave." QUESTION #2: If it were not for the markedly prolonged QTc — Wouldn't ECG #1 look like diffuse subendocardial ischemia?

Ischemia 112

Ischemia Chest Pain Cardiac Arrest Blog 112

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 18, 2023

During the night, while on telemetry, the patient became bradycardic, with periods of isorhythmic AV dissociation (nodal escape rhythm alternating with sinus bradycardia), and there were sporadic PVCs. Most such rhythms in the setting of ischemia are VF and will not convert without defibrillation. Acute ischemia?

Cardiac Arrest 104

Cardiac Arrest Tachycardia Cardiomyopathy Bradycardia 104

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 22, 2023

The patient with no prior cardiac history presented in the middle of the night with acute chest pain, and had this ECG recorded during active pain: I did not see any ischemia on this electrocardiogram. Their apparently excessive length (QT interval) is due to bradycardia. This is a case I had quite a while back.

Chest Pain 103

Chest Pain Bradycardia Blog Electrocardiogram 103

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 19, 2023

Soon afterward, the patient’s symptoms return along with lightheadedness, bradycardia, and hypotension. The patient has also developed sinus bradycardia, which may result from right coronary artery ischemia to the SA node. The Queen of Hearts agrees: Around this time his initial high sensitivity troponin I resulted at 231 ng/L.

Chest Pain 52

Chest Pain STEMI Cardiogenic Shock Ischemia 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 5, 2016

Description Sinus bradycardia. There is ST elevation in V2 and V3 There are inverted T-waves in V2 and V3 There are prominent U-waves in V2 and V3 Many responders were worried about ischemia or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This short QT at least makes ischemia all but impossible. There is high voltage. This is a normal variant.

Chest Pain 52

Chest Pain Ischemia Myocardial Infarction Bradycardia 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 8, 2023

Remember, in diffuse subendocardial ischemia with widespread ST-depression there may b e ST-E in lead s aVR and V1. There are well formed R-waves with good voltage/amplitude which is uncommon for ischemia. The ECG does not show any signs of ischemia. True Positive ECG#2 : Also sinus rhythm. There is ST depression in V1.

Ischemia 109

Ischemia Chest Pain Cardiogenic Shock Cardiac Arrest 109

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

FEBRUARY 6, 2024

The ECG shows sinus tachycardia with RBBB and LAFB, without clear additional superimposed signs of ischemia. Other Arrhythmias ( PACs, PVCs, AFib, Bradycardia and AV conduction disorders — potentially lethal VT/VFib ). Chest trauma was suspected on initial exam. Here is his initial ECG around 1330: What do you think?

Tachycardia 107

Tachycardia Dysrhythmia Atrial Fibrillation Bradycardia 107

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

FEBRUARY 8, 2022

Osborn waves have been reported with hypercalcemia, brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, Brugada syndrome, cardiac arrest from VFib — and — severe, acute ischemia resulting in acute MI ( See My Comment in the November 22, 2019 post on Dr. Smith’s Blog ). Rituparna et al — as well as Chauhan and Brahma ( Int.

Cardiac Arrest 52

Cardiac Arrest Bradycardia Chest Pain Ischemia 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 21, 2023

This ECG shows a sinus bradycardia with a normal conduction pattern (normal PR, normal QRS, and normal QTc), normal axis, normal R-wave progression, normal voltages. Hypothermia can also produce bradycardia and J waves, with a pseudo-STEMI pattern. There is marked sinus bradycardia. What do you think? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.

STEMI 52

STEMI Bradycardia Arrhythmia Cardiac Arrest 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JULY 16, 2022

If you put the inferior and posterior findings together, it is diagnostic of OMI This was read as "inferior ischemia" without any other information by Dr. Richard Gray and as probable reperfused inferior-posterior OMI much later by both me and Pendell Meyers, also without any clinical information.

Chest Pain 52

Chest Pain Bradycardia Blog Critical Care 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 3, 2022

Sinus bradycardia, normal conduction, normal axis, normal R wave progression, no hypertrophy. 2] Here there is no posterior ST elevation, but the anterior ST depression is also less—so it is dynamic, confirming acute ischemia. What do you think? But it is still STEMI negative.

STEMI 52

STEMI Myocardial Infarction Chest Pain Ischemia 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 5, 2022

Hyperkalemia causes peaked T waves and the "killer B's of hyperkalemia", including bradycardia, broad QRS complexes, blocks of the AV node and bundle branches, Brugada morphology, and otherwise bizarre morphology including sine wave. With a twist. Do you recognize this ECG yet? Right Bundle Branch Block with ST Elevation in V1?

Chest Pain 52

Chest Pain Bradycardia Cardiac Arrest STEMI 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 13, 2022

2] Conduction through the accessory pathway can be intermittent (with different degrees of pre-excitation), and affected by ischemia. 3] So a patient with WPW can have the pattern induced by ischemia, and there is also a report of a patient with pre-existing WPW which was “ablated” by myocardial infarction after an LAD occlusion.[4]

Chest Pain 52

Chest Pain Myocardial Infarction Ischemia STEMI 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

FEBRUARY 23, 2023

After the heart rate increased slightly, here was the repeat ECG: Sinus bradycardia, only slightly faster rate than prior. Learning Points: Ectopic atrial rhythm can produce atrial repolarization findings that can be confused for acute ischemia, STEMI, or OMI.

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Blog Bradycardia Ischemia Exercise 52

Ken Grauer, MD

OCTOBER 27, 2023

That said — obvious findings include: i ) Marked bradycardia! — This suggests ischemia of uncertain duration. MY " Q uick T houghts" on Today's CASE: The ECG in Figure-1 is highly concerning — so it is indeed fortunate that this elderly woman came to the ED when she did! be regular! —

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Blog Pacemaker Bradycardia Arrhythmia 103

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JANUARY 28, 2018

Here is his previous ECG: This was my interpretation of the first ECG: Sinus bradycardia with less than 1mm ST elevation in V4-V6, elevated compared to the previous ECG, suggestive of lateral MI. This is his first ECG in the department, which I saw as it was being printed: What do you think? Notice how useful serial ECGs are!

Pericarditis 52

Pericarditis Ischemia STEMI Chest Pain 52

Wellnest

DECEMBER 21, 2022

A fast heartbeat is called tachycardia, while a slow heartbeat is called bradycardia in medical terms. Poor blood supply Ischemia, or inadequate blood supply to the heart, is an abnormality that can be detected in an ECG test. Arrhythmia In simple words, arrhythmia refers to an irregular heartbeat.

Cardiac Arrest 52

Cardiac Arrest Heart attacks Heart Attack Atrial Fibrillation 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

MAY 6, 2019

Followup ECG: No Change Absence of evolution is the best evidence against ischemia as the etiology. I was taught that the tell-tale sign of ischemia vs an electrical abnormality was in the hx, i.e. chest pain for the ischemia and potential syncope for brugada. Ischemia/infarction. Bradycardia. Hypothermia.

Chest Pain 52

Chest Pain STEMI Ischemia Myocardial Infarction 52

Ken Grauer, MD

AUGUST 26, 2023

I see the following: The rhythm is sinus bradycardia at ~55-60/minute. ECG Blog #184 — illustrates the "magical" mirror-image opposite relationship with acute ischemia between lead III and lead aVL ( featured in Audio Pearl #2 in this blog post ). The PR and QRS intervals are both normal. ECG Blog #230 — How to compare serial ECGs.

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Blog Chest Pain STEMI Ischemia 145

EMS 12-Lead

JUNE 1, 2022

Such findings would normally suggest primary ischemia with concomitant surveillance of coronary occlusion, but these ST/T changes might very well be secondary to the Escape mechanism at hand. Lead V2 shows RR’ QRS configuration, and although ST depression is otherwise expected here, the discordance is a bit excessive.

Heart Failure 52

Heart Failure Myocardial Infarction Bradycardia Chest Pain 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JULY 5, 2023

Here was my answer: "Not ischemia. Instead — my thoughts were as follows: The rhythm is sinus , with marked bradycardia and a component of sinus arrhythmia. This was texted to me in real time. The patient has acute chest pain. What do you think? Maybe HOCM or another form of LVH. I would not activate cath lab.

Chest Pain 52

Chest Pain STEMI Congenital Heart Disease Heart Disease 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

OCTOBER 15, 2024

Whether these EKGs show myocarditis, a normal variant, or something else, they are overall not typical of transmural ischemia of the anterior or high lateral walls. He had multiple episodes of bradycardia and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. The patient had none of these conditions. Patient 1 remained in the hospital overnight.

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Chest Pain STEMI Echocardiogram Stent 106

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

DECEMBER 15, 2015

In any case, there is bradycardia. There is ST depression beyond the end of the wide QRS in I, II, aVF, and V4-V6, diagnostic of with subendocardial ischemia. due to PE) may result in STEMI (and, if anterior, it can be from anterior LV or anterior RV ischemia, or both) from low coronary pressure and flow, simply due to the shock.

STEMI 52

STEMI Embolism Pulmonary Ultrasound 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

AUGUST 9, 2024

lidocaine) can result in severe bradycardia or asystole (Weinberg, Sedowski and Alexander, below) The presence of accelerated idioventricular rhythm does not affect prognosis, and there is no definitive evidence that, if left untreated, the incidence of VF or death is increased. Do not treat AIVR. In fact, use of antidyrhythimcs (e.g.,

Chest Pain 84

Chest Pain Arrhythmia Myocardial Infarction STEMI 84

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 15, 2019

But when the clinical presentation is sepsis, one must entertain the possibility that the ST elevation is due to demand ischemia, or some other process, and exacerbated by tachycardia. It is prudent to treat the other conditions, get the heart rate controlled, and repeat the ECG.

Tachycardia 52

Tachycardia STEMI Chest Pain Ischemia 52

Ken Grauer, MD

OCTOBER 4, 2024

To improve visualization — I've digitized the original ECG using PMcardio ) MY Thoughts on the ECG in Figure-1: This is a challenging tracing to interpret — because there is marked bradycardia with an irregular rhythm and a change in QRS morphology. Figure-1: The initial ECG in today's case. ( The QRS complex is wide ( ie, >0.10

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Blog Bradycardia Arrhythmia Pacemaker 103

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

JUNE 1, 2022

Here is his ECG: There is no clear evidence of OMI or ischemia. The Initial ECG in Today's Case: ECG #1 showed sinus bradycardia at a rate slightly under 60/minute — normal intervals — slight left axis ( about -15 degrees ) — and no chamber enlargement. A 40-something male with no previous cardiac disease presented with chest pain.

Chest Pain 52

Chest Pain STEMI Myocardial Infarction Bradycardia 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

APRIL 29, 2020

Instead, antiarrhythmic drugs such as amiodarone or ß-blockers may be needed — and/or treatment targeted to correcting ischemia. Acute ischemia? ECG #5 — This is the 4th ECG done on the patient in this case ( obtained ~6 hours after arrival in the ED ). Use of QT-prolonging drugs?

Cardiac Arrest 52

Cardiac Arrest Defibrillator Ischemia Tachycardia 52

Dr. Smith's ECG Blog

NOVEMBER 3, 2017

Patient presentation is important This was a 60-something with acute chest pain: There is sinus bradycardia at a rate of 44. To me, this makes the ECG nearly diagnostic of ischemia, though if it is LAD occlusion, there should be ST depression in III and aVL, so it is a bit confusing. Why bradycardia? 100% distal LAD occlusion.

Chest Pain 52

Chest Pain STEMI Bradycardia Stenosis 52