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This leaves us with the usual differential diagnosis for this rhythm presentation ( as per ECG Blog #361 ) ==> We need to consider i ) VT until proven otherwise: ii ) SVT with either preexisting BBB or aberrant conduction; — or , iii ) Something else ( ie, WPW, hyperkalemia, some other toxicity, etc. ). What Kind of Conduction Defect?
And as per ECG Blog #350 — this could represent Wellens ' Syndrome IF this chest lead T wave inversion was new and occurred in a patient who initially had a normal ECG, and then had an episode of transient CP that had resolved at the time this ECG with chest lead T wave inversion was recorded.
For full discussion of this case — See ECG Blog #220 — == The long lead II rhythm strip shown in Figure-1 was obtained from an 51-year-old man who presented to the ED ( Emergency Department ) with "palpitations" that began 1 hour earlier. Figure: Use of the "3 Simple Rules" for distinction between SVT vs VT ( taken from ECG Blog #196 ).
I say this for the simple reason that to pick any of the above 4 choices — is to imply with 100% certainty that you know the answer ( or, as is implied in the title of today’s Blog post — this would be premature closure). ECG Blog #240 — The regular SVT. ECG Blog #229 — Why is AFlutter so commonly overlooked? s in Figure-2 ).
PEARL # 1: As I emphasize in ECG Blog #148 ( from where I took the tracing I show in Figure-3 ) — the BEST way to prove artifact — is to recognize persistence of an underlying spontaneous rhythm that is unaffected by any erratic or suspicious deflections that are seen. Figure-3: I've reproduced this tracing from ECG Blog #148 ( See text ). =
As is also emphasized often in this ECG Blog — spontaneous reperfusion of the "culprit" artery is common — and, IF this occurs before a 2nd ECG is done, ST-T wave changes may "look better" ( See References to related Blog posts below ). ECG Blog #294 — Reviews how to tell IF the " culprit " artery has reperfused.
As discussed in ECG Blog #231 — Bidirectional VT is a special form of VT, in which there is beat-to-beat alternation of the QRS axis. See My Comment in the June 1, 2020 post in Dr. Smith's ECG Blog — for review of Pleomorphic VT. Multifocal vs Polymorphic VT — September 23, 2011 post from Dr. S.
MY Impression of ECG #1: As emphasized often in this ECG Blog ( See today's ADDENDUM below ) — statistical odds that a regular WCT rhythm without clear sign of sinus P waves will turn out to be VT begin at 80% likelihood. See ECG Blog #287 — if interested in more on ECG recognition of AFlutter ). How Would You Treat this Patient?
PEARL # 2: As described in ECG Blog #394 — QRS widening in the presence of sinus rhythm, in which QRS morphology is consistent with RBBB conduction in the chest leads — but LBBB conduction in the limb leads ( especially with a leftward axis ) — suggests the entity known as MBBB ( M asquerading B undle B ranch B lock ).
For full discussion of this case — See ECG Blog #351 — == The ECG in Figure-1 — was obtained from a previously healthy older man who contacted EMS ( E mergency M edical S ervices ) because of "chest tightness" that began ~1 hour earlier. ECG Blog #205 = The Systematic Approach I favor. Below are slides used in my video presentation.
By the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach ( See ECG Blog #185 ): The rhythm is fast and QRS complexes are R egular. PEARL # 4: As emphasized in ECG Blog #204 , in which I review derivation of the bundle branch blocks — RBBB is a terminal conduction delay. ECG Blog #185 — Reviews the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach to Rhythm Interpretation.
As I review in ECG Blog #204 — “typical” LBBB is characterized by a supraventricular rhythm with QRS widening, in which there is a monophasic R wave in left-sided leads I and V6 — and an all-negative ( or almost all negative ) QRS in right-sided lead V1. ECG Blog #294 — Reviews how to tell IF the " culprit " artery has reperfused.
KEY Point: Although true that patients with longstanding, severe pulmonary disease may manifest a QRST complex in standard lead I with marked overall reduction in QRST amplitude ( See ECG Blog #65 — regarding Schamroth’s Sign ) — you should never normally see a completely flat line in any of the standard limb leads.
Regarding the 1 2- L ead E CG: Applying the systematic approach I favor for 12-lead ECG interpretation ( as detailed in ECG Blog #205 ): Rate & Rhythm: As stated above — there is a regular, supraventricular rhythm with some P waves, group beating, and an acceptable overall ventricular rate between ~60-80/minute. I begin with Figure-5.
For full discussion of this case — See ECG Blog #191 — == The 2-lead rhythm strip shown in Figure-1 was obtained from an elderly woman who presented to the ED following a syncopal episode. ECG Media Pearl # 8 ( 8:20 minutes Video ) — ECG Blog #191 — Distinguishing between A V D issociation vs Complete AV Block ( 2/6/2021 ).
I favor starting with the long lead II rhythm strip — by use of the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach ( See ECG Blog #185 for more on the Ps, Qs, 3Rs ). For more on the " Footprints " of Wenckebach — See ECG Blog #164. R elated E CG B log P osts to Today’s Case : ECG Blog #205 — Reviews my S ystematic A pproach to 12-lead ECG Interpretation.
For more regarding ECG criteria for LVH — See the ADDENDUM below and/or ECG Blog #73 and ECG Blog #245. A bout H CM ( Different Forms of this Entity ): I've excerpted what appears below from My Comment in the December 26, 2023 post in Dr. Smith's ECG Blog. ECG Blog #245 — Reviews the ECG diagnosis of LVH.
I i llustrate the ECG finding of T-QRS-D below in Figure-3 , which I've excerpted from My Comment in the November 14, 2019 post in Dr. Smith's ECG Blog. Today's case is also noteworthy in that T-QRS-D is seen in association with RBBB — which has only been described on rare occasions ( See the March 28, 2021 post i n Dr. Smith's ECG Blog ).
As discussed in detail in ECG Blog #228 — this seemingly qualifies as a “ Silent ” MI ( Approximately half of those MIs not accompanied by CP — have some other associated symptom such as syncope, which substitutes as a “chest pain equivalent” ). ECG Blog #218 — Reviews HOW to define a T wave as being H yperacute ? What is T-QRS-D?
For full discussion of this case — See ECG Blog #292 — == The 2 ECGs shown in Figure-1 were obtained from a man in his 30s — who presented to the ED ( E mergency D epartment ) with chest pain that began several hours earlier. Related ECG Blog Posts to Today’s Case: ECG Blog #205 — Reviews my Systematic Approach to 12-lead ECG Interpretation.
As discussed in ECG Blog #364 and ECG Blog #265 — We are looking at " Shark Fin " ST elevation! Alternatively — the shape of the ST elevation in lead V2 might also be consistent with a component of Brugada Phenocopy ( See ECG Blog #238 ). ECG Blog #265 and ECG Blog #364 — Review cases of Shark-Fin ST Elevation.
By the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach ( which I review in ECG Blog #185 ): Lots of P waves are present — being well seen in the long lead II rhythm strip. This slight variation in sinus P wave regularity tends to be greater when a 2nd- or 3rd-degree AV block is present ( called ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia — as shown in ECG Blog #344 ).
By the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach ( See ECG Blog #185 ): The rhythm in Figure-1 is fast and R egular. By the Every-Other-Beat ( or in this case Every- 3rd -Beat ) Method ( See ECG Blog #210 ) — the R ate of the rhythm is ~250-260/minute ( ie, As shown in Figure-2 — the R-R interval of every 3rd beat is 3.6 ECG Blog #35 — Review of RVOT VT.
An example of a case in which the diagnosis of acute OMI was made purely by assessment of ST-T wave morphology in a PVC can be found HERE ( See My Comment at the bottom of this page in the October 8, 2018 post in Dr. Smith's ECG Blog ). = ECG Blog #294 — Reviews how to tell IF the " culprit " artery has reperfused.
To do this — I apply the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach ( See ECG Blog #185 — for review of my system ). Explanation of the Laddergram in Figure-4: For those in search of a review on reading and/or drawing Laddergrams — Please check out my ECG Blog #188. ECG Blog #185 — Reviews the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach to Rhythm Interpretation.
For full discussion of this case — See ECG Blog #392 — == The ECG in Figure-1 was obtained from a man in his 60s — who described the sudden onset of "chest tightness" that began 20 minutes earlier, but who now ( at the time this ECG was recorded ) — was no longer having symptoms. ECG Blog #387 — Dynamic change in 2 minutes.
Regarding ST-T Wave Changes in Figure-2: As per the title of today's ECG Blog — one KEY lead "tells the tale". R elated E CG B log P osts to Today’s Case : ECG Blog #205 — Reviews my S ystematic A pproach to 12-lead ECG Interpretation. ECG Blog #294 — Reviews how to tell IF the " culprit " artery has reperfused.
As discussed in many posts in this ECG Blog — despite not satisfying the millimeter-based definition of a STEMI — in this patient with new chest pain, the ECG findings in Figure-1 merit prompt cath lab activation without any need to wait for serum troponin to return elevated ( See ECG Blog #193 — regarding the new "OMI" paradigm ).
MY Approach to the Rhythm in Figure-1: As per ECG Blog #185 — I favor the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach for interpretation of the cardiac rhythm — beginning with whichever of these 5 KEY Parameters is easiest to assess for the tracing in front of me: At least in the single lead II rhythm strip seen in Figure-1 — The Q RS complex appears to be narrow.
Voltage for LVH is satisfied — at least by Peguero Criteria ( Sum of deepest S in any chest lead + S in V4 ≥23 mm in a woman — as discussed in ECG Blog #73 ). In the October 15, 2022 post of Dr. Smith's ECG Blog — Drs. I've reviewed my approach to the ECG diagnosis of LVH ofte n ( See ECG Blog #245 — among many other posts ).
ECG Blog #240 — reviews my approach to the ECG assessment of regular SVT rhythms. R elated E CG B log P osts to Today’s Case : ECG Blog #205 — Reviews my S ystematic A pproach to 12-lead ECG Interpretation. ECG Blog #185 — Reviews the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach to Rhythm Interpretation.
By the P s, Q s & 3 R Approach ( which I review on ECG Blog #185 ): The R ate of the rhythm in Figure-1 is somewhat fast — averaging ~100/minute ( ie, with an R-R interval close to 3 large boxes in duration for most of the tracing ). ECG Blog #229 — reviews distinction between AFlutter vs ATach.
PEARL # 3: While not 100% predictive — seeing a significant negative component to the P wave in these leads ( as per the YELLOW arrows in Figure-2 ) — suggests that the V1,V2 electrodes may be placed 1 or 2 interspaces too high on the chest ( See ECG Blog #274 — for more on too high placement of the V1,V2 electrode leads ). Smith's ECG Blog.
See ECG Blog #435 — ECG Blog #313 — as well as My Comment at the bottom of the page in the June 17, 2024 post in Dr. Smith's ECG Blog ). ECG Blog #233 — Reviews a case of Acute PE ( with discussion of ECG criteria for this diagnosis ). ECG Blog #119 — Reviews a case of Acute PE ( and ECG criteria for this diagnosis ).
I fully acknowledge that prior to 2010, when I started my ECG Blog and began my heavy involvement in ECG internet consultation — I had no direct experience with Epsilon waves. R elated E CG B log P osts to Today’s Case : ECG Blog #205 — Reviews my S ystematic A pproach to 12-lead ECG Interpretation. ECG Blog #35 — Review of RVOT VT.
For more on fusion beats — See ECG Blog #128 and Blog #129 ). See ECG Blog #133 ). R elated E CG B log P osts to Today’s Case : ECG Blog #185 — Reviews my System for Rhythm Interpretation , using th e P s, Q s & 3 R Approach. ECG Blog #198 — Can VT be Irregular? ECG Blog #393 — Case of multiple Fusion beats.
NOTE: For more on ECG recognition of RVH and/or pulmonary hypertension ( re the qR pattern in lead V1 ) — See ECG Blog #234 and Blog #248. This could have been an optimal time to try a Lewis Lead — which sometimes reveals atrial activity not evident with standard lead placement ( See ECG Blog #223 ).
MY Approach to the Rhythm in Figure-1: As per ECG Blog #185 — I favor the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach for interpretation of the cardiac rhythm — beginning with whichever of these 5 KEY Parameters is easiest to assess for the tracing in front of me: At least in the single lead II rhythm strip seen in Figure-1 — The Q RS complex appears to be narrow.
Easy LINKS — tinyurl.com/KG-ECG-Podcasts — [link] — Other ECG Audio PEARLS I previously made for my ECG Blog can be found in the right column of each page on this blog just below this icon — under, "ECG Audio PEARLS". I recently recorded a series of 4 podcasts regarding KEY concepts in ECG interpretation.
MY Impression of ECG #1: The above 5 Observations confer ECG features that characterize "the Footprints of Wenckebach!" — which is why within seconds of seeing today's ECG, I was virtually certain there was some form of 2nd-degree AV Wenckebach ( See ECG Blog #164 — ECG Blog #55 — ECG Blog #347 — and ECG Blog #154 ).
I have previously reviewed a number of cases of "Shark Fin" morphology ( Se e ECG Blog #364 — Blog #410 — Blog #265 — among others ). R elated E CG B log P osts to Today’s Case : ECG Blog #185 — My P s, Q s, 3 R System for Rhythm Interpretation.
As opposed to polymorphic VT that by definition is irregularly irregular — monomorphic VT is usually a fairly ( if not completely ) regular rhythm ( See ECG Blog #231 for the various forms of VT ). Regarding Q - R - S - T Changes: There is a Q wave in lead III. R wave progression is not normal.
As reviewed in ECG Blog #231 — QRS morphology in VT may manifest a number of different forms. For more on the diagnostic significance of identifying AV dissociation in wide tachycardia — See ECG Blog #133 and ECG Blog #151. ECG Blog #205 — Reviews my Systematic Approach to 12-lead ECG Interpretation.
To EMPHASIZE: One of my goals in developing this ECG Blog — is to help clinicians to optimize their time efficiency. By the P s, Q s, 3 R Approach ( See ECG Blog #185 ) — the rhythm in the long-lead II of Figure-1 is not R egular. That said, as emphasized in ECG Blog #312 — SA block is rare!
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