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Transcript of the video: Closure line of aortic valve on M-Mode echocardiogram, is seen as central line, while in bicuspid aortic valve, it is an eccentric closure, nearer to one of the walls of the aorta. That is an important feature of bicuspid aortic valve on M-Mode echocardiogram. So this is a premature beat. is the normal range.
Just as water logging occurs in the catchment area of a dam after a heavy rain, fluid collects in the lungs if the valve between the left upper and lower chambers of the heart (mitral valve) is narrowed (mitralstenosis).
Mitral valve leaflets seen in open position between the left ventricle and left atrium are thickened. The large aortic regurgitation jet can be seen as a mosaic jet in the left ventricular outflow tract anterior to the anterior mitral leaflet. Thickening of both aortic and mitral leaflets indicate the possible etiology as rheumatic.
So that is why we see straightening of left border, typically heard of in mitralstenosis with left atrial enlargement and mild pulmonary hypertension. Normally, the main pulmonary artery segment will be concave and left atrial appendage region also will be not prominent.
Tracing in the lower part is tissue Doppler imaging from the medial mitral annulus. Opening and closing movements of the aortic and mitral valves are visible. Slight downward angulation of the transducer from this view gives the left ventricular cross section with mitral valve cross section within.
Relative contraindications for HUTT include: Severe left ventricular outflow obstruction Critical mitralstenosis Severe proximal coronary artery disease Severe cerebrovascular disease
When there is ectopy, there is a chance for spurious mitral regurgitation to occur during left ventriculography. So it will not produce a true LV to aorta pullback tracing, which is required in cases like aortic stenosis. When the tip is in the left ventricle, this region will be in the aorta sometimes.
If a nominal right atrial pressure of 10 mm Hg is added to it, right ventricular pressure and indirectly the pulmonary artery systolic pressure are obtained, in the absence of pulmonary stenosis. If there is high right atrial pressure with elevated jugular venous pressure, 15 or 20 mm Hg may have to be added instead of 10 mm Hg.
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