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Transcript of the video: Closure line of aortic valve on M-Mode echocardiogram, is seen as central line, while in bicuspid aortic valve, it is an eccentric closure, nearer to one of the walls of the aorta. That is an important feature of bicuspid aortic valve on M-Mode echocardiogram. So this is a premature beat. is the normal range.
Transcript of the video: Now we will discuss echocardiogram in mitral valve prolapse. But, even though mitral valve prolapse can be detected echocardiographically in many cases, there may not be significant regurgitation and symptoms in many of them. So we will see some of the features of mitral regurgitation.
The mitral valve complex consists of the mitral annulus, mitral valve leaflets, the chordae tendineae and the papillary muscles. The mitral leaflets are the anterior and posterior leaflets. The post Anatomy of the Mitral Valve appeared first on All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders.
In this view, you can see that mitral leaflets are thickened. This is anterior mitral leaflet, thickened, and in the closed position of mitral valve, when there should be no flow to the left atrium, you are seeing a jet, a mosaic jet, which has been traced out. This is the mitral regurgitation jet.
Here, this is the forward flow through the mitral valve in diastole in red. Area of the jet corresponding to the receiving chamber, that is left atrium, that is also deciding factor in assessing the severity of mitral regurgitation. Here you can see an MR jet. That is, flow away from the transducer is depicted as blue.
Though there are several parameters for evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography, the most commonly used are the pulsed Doppler mitral E/A ratio and tissue Doppler mitral E/e’ ratio. Doppler interrogation of mitral valve is usually done from the apex through the apical four chamber view.
Here, this is the forward flow through the mitral valve in diastole in red. Area of the jet corresponding to the receiving chamber, that is left atrium, that is also deciding factor in assessing the severity of mitral regurgitation. Here you can see an MR jet. That is, flow away from the transducer is depicted as blue.
Just as water logging occurs in the catchment area of a dam after a heavy rain, fluid collects in the lungs if the valve between the left upper and lower chambers of the heart (mitral valve) is narrowed (mitral stenosis).
Mitral valve leaflets seen in open position between the left ventricle and left atrium are thickened. The large aortic regurgitation jet can be seen as a mosaic jet in the left ventricular outflow tract anterior to the anterior mitral leaflet. Thickening of both aortic and mitral leaflets indicate the possible etiology as rheumatic.
Unlike the valves on the left side like the mitral and aortic, right sided valves can have some leak. That is, mild mitral regurgitation and mild aortic regurgitation are less common. But even in nearly normal persons, there could be a little bit of leak in the tricuspid valve. That is known as mild tricuspid regurgitation.
This is the aortic valve in closed position and mitral valve also appears to be closed in position. From the images you do not know whether the mitral valve is really fully closed or almost about to be closed. Separation between the attachments of the aortic and mitral valve. And this is aorta and this is left atrium.
Transcript of video: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome is a very severe form of congenital heart disease, in which, the left ventricle, aorta and mitral and aortic valves are hypoplastic and valves may be atretic as well. It has a very poor survival. This is diagrammatic representation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
The post ectopic increase in the murmur is a hallmark of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, which differentiates it clinically from mitral valve prolapse. Echocardiography in HCM Important echocardiographic features include mitral regurgitation and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
Tracing in the lower part is tissue Doppler imaging from the medial mitral annulus. Opening and closing movements of the aortic and mitral valves are visible. Slight downward angulation of the transducer from this view gives the left ventricular cross section with mitral valve cross section within.
Right ventricular outflow tract, left ventricle, left atrium, aorta, aortic valve, mitral valve. Location of the transducer here, in the parasternal region. This is the parasternal long axis view. These are the things you have seen in that inset image. This is movement of the anterior wall of the right ventricle.
So that is why we see straightening of left border, typically heard of in mitral stenosis with left atrial enlargement and mild pulmonary hypertension. Normally, the main pulmonary artery segment will be concave and left atrial appendage region also will be not prominent.
Relative contraindications for HUTT include: Severe left ventricular outflow obstruction Critical mitral stenosis Severe proximal coronary artery disease Severe cerebrovascular disease
This distance, between the anterior mitral leaflet and septal tricuspid leaflet, is usually only about 5 mm during echocardiography. This is the diagrammatic representation of distal displacement of septal tricuspid leaflet. Anterior leaflet is elongated and sail like. In Ebstein’s, portion of the right ventricle here, is atrialized.
When there is ectopy, there is a chance for spurious mitral regurgitation to occur during left ventriculography. So the pressure is distributed, staining is avoided and recoil of the catheter during injection is also avoided, reducing the chance for ventricular ectopy, which is an important problem in left ventriculograpy.
Bernoulli equation (P=4V 2 ) gives the gradient of tricuspid regurgitation flow, which corresponds to the pressure difference between right ventricle and right atrium in systole.
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