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Brachiocephalic Artery Access for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is increasing in popularity for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Transfemoral arterial route is the most commonly used approach for TAVR, also known as TAVI or transcatheter aortic valve implantation. No calcifications in the artery causing vascular stenosis.

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Echocardiographic evaluation in aortic regurgitation

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

The large aortic regurgitation jet can be seen as a mosaic jet in the left ventricular outflow tract anterior to the anterior mitral leaflet. A portion of the thickened aortic valve can be seen between the aorta and left ventricle. Thickening of both aortic and mitral leaflets indicate the possible etiology as rheumatic.

Aortic 40
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Fractional flow reserve for guiding coronary intervention and functional SYNTAX score

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

Coronary angiography gives a visual impression about the severity of the stenosis. But it need not imply the actual functional significance of the stenosis in terms of flow physiology. A downside of the study was that it had included lesions of 50 to 79% stenosis also. identified physiologically significant stenosis.

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Surgical Treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot and Sequelae

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

One is ventricular septal defect, second is overriding aorta, third is pulmonary stenosis, usually right ventricular outflow tract stenosis and associated right ventricular hypertrophy. You can see the ventricular septal defect and aortic over ride. Pulmonary stenosis, which is usually right ventricular outflow tract stenosis.

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Arterial Switch Operation

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

Graft material has the disadvantage that it will not grow as the baby grows and can lead to supravalvar pulmonary stenosis later, one of the delayed complications of arterial switch. This is diagrammatic representation of stenosis of pulmonary artery at the site where it has been repaired.

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Difference between pulsed wave and continuous wave Doppler

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

In this image, aortic regurgitation jet is seen as aliased, with part of it above the baseline and part of it below the baseline, which is known as wrap around. It is shown as a circle along the dotted Doppler line in the image, just beyond the aortic valve. Nyquist limit is half the pulse repetition frequency.

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Biatrial Enlargement on Chest X-Ray PA View

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

So that is why we see straightening of left border, typically heard of in mitral stenosis with left atrial enlargement and mild pulmonary hypertension. When there are bulges, aortic knuckle is first mogul, main pulmonary artery segment is second mogul, and left atrial appendage is taken as the third mogul sign.