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Arterial Switch Operation

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

That is, pulmonary artery is transposed over to the right ventricle, and aorta over to the left ventricle, so that normal anatomy is restored. Graft material has the disadvantage that it will not grow as the baby grows and can lead to supravalvar pulmonary stenosis later, one of the delayed complications of arterial switch.

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Evaluation of JVP

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

To revise the anatomy lessons, this is the external jugular vein and this is the internal jugular vein. The Y descent is shallow in tricuspid stenosis, and absent in cardiac tamponade. Right atrial hypertrophy as in tricuspid stenosis, pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary hypertension.

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Basics of Echocardiography

All About Cardiovascular System and Disorders

A good knowledge of the anatomy of the heart is needed for interpretation of images from each view. Planimetry of mitral valve area can be obtained in parasternal short axis view in case of mitral stenosis. Parasternal views are often obtained first, followed by apical, subcostal, and suprasternal.