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2017 Oct 1;177(10):1520-1522. Alternation in ST segment appearance ( or in the amount of ST elevation or depression ) — is often linked to ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Jan 17;47(2):269-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.066. 2005.08.066. Epub 2006 Jan 4. PMID: 16412847. Moore PK, Raffel KE, Whitman IR. JAMA Intern Med. 2017.3191.
They include myocardial ischemia, acute pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, external compression due to mass over the right ventricular outflow tract region, and metabolic disorders like hyper or hypokalemia and hypercalcemia. 2017 Mar;110(3):188-195. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020 Sep;31(9):2474-2483. Arch Cardiovasc Dis.
The second most common cause of medical cardiac tamponade is acute idiopathic pericarditis. Less common etiologies include uremia, bacterial or tubercular pericarditis, chronic idiopathic pericarditis, hemorrhage, and other causes such as autoimmune diseases, radiation, myxedema, etc. 2017 Nov;35(4):525-537. 2013.06.023.
CMAJ 2017 Vassallo SU, Delaney KA, Hoffman RS, et al. Occurrence of “J Waves” in 12-Lead ECG as a Marker of Acute Ischemia and Their Cellular Basis. Prominent J waves and ventricular fibrillation caused by myocarditis and pericarditis after BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Heart Rhythm 2010 Hudzik B, Gasior M.
The exception is with postinfarction pericarditis , in which a completed transmural infarct results in inflammation of the subepicardial myocardium and STE in the distribution of the infarct, and which results in increased STE and large upright T-waves. These findings together are more commonly seen with pericarditis.
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