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Non-obstructive coronary disease at the time cardiac cath is done does not necessarily imply there was no plaque rupture with thrombus. These plaques will often not be recognized as "culprits" — because no fissuring or ulceration is seen.
MINOCA may be due to: coronary spasm, coronary microvascular dysfunction, plaque disruption, spontaneous coronary thrombosis/emboli , and coronary dissection; myocardial disorders, including myocarditis, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and other cardiomyopathies. Thus, intracoronary imaging modalities are crucial in this setting. From Gue at al.
The commonest causes of MINOCA include: atherosclerotic causes such as plaque rupture or erosion with spontaneous thrombolysis, and non-atherosclerotic causes such as coronary vasospasm (sometimes called variant angina or Prinzmetal's angina), coronary embolism or thrombosis, possibly microvascular dysfunction. It is not rare.
However, most adults will start to develop advanced plaque in their coronary arteries early in life. By age 66, more than half of all females will have evidence of advanced plaque in their coronary arteries, as seen on a CT calcium score. Coronary atherosclerosis, as evidenced by an abnormal CAC score, is a measure of advanced plaque.
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), caused by plaque buildup in arterial walls, is one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide.1,2 7 Research has shown inflammation plays a significant role in the development of atherosclerosis and ASCVD,8-10 and even the formation of plaque.11 2013;368(21):2004-2013.
ST elevation (STE) in lead augmented vector right (aVR), coexistent with multilead ST depression, was endorsed as a sign of acute occlusion of the left main or proximal left anterior descending coronary artery in the 2013 STEMI guidelines.
In my review of the literature, there are many articles which purport to demonstrate an acutely increased risk of plaque rupture from emotional stress, but I could not find any credible case reports that were not at least as likely to be takotsubo. Mechanisms of plaque formation and rupture. Coronary plaque disruption.
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