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This EKG is diagnostic of transmural ischemia of the inferior wall. If it is angina, lowering the BP with IV Nitroglycerine may completely alleviate the pain and the (unseen) ECG ischemia. Transmural ischemia (as seen with the OMI findings on ECG) is not very common with demand ischemia, but is possible. Murakami MM.
DISCUSSION: The 12-lead EKG EMS initially obtained for this patient showed severe ischemia, with profound "infero-lateral" ST depression and reciprocal ST elevation in lead aVR. The ECG cannot diagnose the etiology of ischemia; it only the presence of ischemia, from whatever etiology. Heart 2011; 97 : 838-843 [link] 14.
Two recent interventions have proven in randomized trials to improve neurologic survival in cardiac arrest: 1) the combination of the ResQPod and the ResQPump (suction device for compression-decompression CPR -- Lancet 2011 ) and 2) Dual Sequential defibrillation. Finally, head-up CPR (which was not used here), makes for better resuscitation.
In 2011 — Niu et al described the presence of an "N-Wave" — or delayed activation wave of the left ventricular basal region. Because this area of the heart is typically supplied by the LCx — this is likely to be the "culprit" artery when N waves are seen as part of the pattern of acute ischemia ( Int J Cardiol 162(2): 107-111, 2013 ).
But when the clinical presentation is sepsis, one must entertain the possibility that the ST elevation is due to demand ischemia, or some other process, and exacerbated by tachycardia. In this abstract from 2011, we found that 4%(4 of 99) type 2 MI and 38% of type 1 MI had ST Elevation.
Instead, antiarrhythmic drugs such as amiodarone or ß-blockers may be needed — and/or treatment targeted to correcting ischemia. Although IV Mg++ is also indicated as initial treatment of PMVT with a normal QT — it is clearly less likely to respond to IV Mg++, than when the QT interval is prolonged.
At about this point in the process — I like to take a closer LOOK at the 12-lead tracing, to ensure there is no acute ischemia or infarction that might need immediate attention. What about the 1 2- L ead E CG ? As already established — the QRS complex is narrow in all leads, so the rhythm is supraventricular. The QTc is not overly prolonged.
Acute myocardial ischemia. Multifocal vs Polymorphic VT — September 23, 2011 post from Dr. S. As reviewed by Almarzuqi et al ( Vasc Health Risk Mgmt 18:397-406, 2022 ) — Potential Causes of Bidirectional VT include: Digitalis toxicity. CPVT ( Catecholaminergic PolyMorphic VT ). Familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis.
There is no definite evidence of acute ischemia. (ie, Simply stated — t he patient was having recurrent PMVT without Q Tc prolongation, and without evidence of ongoing transmural ischemia. ( Some residual ischemia in the infarct border might still be present. Both episodes are initiated by an "R-on-T" phenomenon.
When “spot diagnosing” precordial ST-depression I instinctively evaluate aVR for any corresponding ST-elevation to see if an emerging pattern of broad subendocardial ischemia can be appreciated, in which the ST-depression should be otherwise global and demonstrably maximal in Leads II and V5. ST-elevation, etc.) is present. 3] Niu, T.,
In most cases, rather, the culprit is gross ischemia due to myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, or advanced coronary artery disease. Unfortunately, today’s case is lacking any such diagnostics, thus I cannot say with certainty that the QT interval is, or is not, culpable in arrhythmogenesis. [1] Elsevier: Philadelphia, PA. [7] 8] Liu, E.,
There is ST elevation in 9/12 leads with ST depression only seen in lead aVR>V1 ( ie, virtually the opposite of what is seen with diffuse subendocardial ischemia in which there is diffuse ST depression except for ST elevation in aVR>V1 ).
That said there were no clinical symptoms or ECG findings suggestive of ongoing ischemia. You have given IV MgSO4 a fast acting -blocker and IV amiodarone bolus and infusion. The possibility of an ischemic cause of the ventricular arrhythmia has to be considered! Troponin T was negative on admission and on repeat blood draw.
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